Fin 419 Week 5 Team Assignment with Answers

Principles of Managerial Finance FIN/419 P12. 4 Break nonetheless(prenominal) analysis. Barry Carter is considering opening a music store. He wants to estimate the issuance of CDs he must sell to break even. The CDs pass on be sold for $13. 98 each, variable operating be are $10. 48 per CD, and annual sway-still operating be are $73,500. A) Find the operating breakeven position in number of CDs. Q= FC / P- VC Q= 73,500 / 13. 98 10. 48 Q= 21,000 CDs B) Calculate the total operating be at the breakeven volume found in part a. EBIT= Q x (P VC) FC EBIT= 21,000 x (13. 98 10. 48) 73,500 EBIT= 21,000 x 3. 5 73,500EBIT= 0 C) If Barry estimates that at a borderline he pot sell 2,000 CDs per month, should he go into the music military control? 2,000 CDs per month x 12 months = 24,000 CDs. Since the operating breakeven point in number of CDs is 21,000, this means that Barry go out sell 3,000 more CDs that will be a sugar. Depending on Barrys outcome of the music store, if h e were to go into the music business and sell 2,000 CDs a month, he would make a profit. The profit would not be that much more above the operating breakeven point however, it will still be a profit. I would take the adventure and go into the music business.D) How much EBIT will Barry realize if he sells the stripped-down 2,000 CDs per month noted in part c? EBIT= Q x (P VC) FC EBIT= 24,000 x (13. 98 10. 48) 73,500 EBIT= 24,000 x 3. 5 73,500 EBIT= 10,500 P12-11 a. $0. 38 b. $1. 28 c. $1. 94 Ebit $24,600 $30,600 $35,000 less interest $9,600 $9,600 $9,600 mesh topology profits before valuees $15,000 $21,000 $25,400 Les Taxes $6,000 $8,400 $10,160 Net profits after(prenominal) taxes $9,000 $12,600 $15,240 Less preferred stock dividends $7,500 $7,500 $7,500 Earings available for uncouth $1,500 $5,100 $7,740 Earings per share $0. 8 $1. 28 $1. 94 a b c P12-24. Integrativeoptimum capital structure Intermediate a. Debt Ratio 0% 15% 30% 45% 60% EBIT $2,000,00 0 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 Less Interest 0 120,000 270,000 540,000 900,000 EBT $2,000,000 $1,880,000 1,730,000 $1,460,000 $1,100,000 ? Taxes 40% 800,000 752,000 692,000 584,000 440,000 Net profit $1,200,000 $1,128,000 $1,038,000 $ 876,000 $ 660,000 Less Preferred dividends 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Profits available to ?common stock $1,000,000 $ 928,000 $ 838,000 $ 676,000 $ 460,000 shares outstanding 200,000 170,000 140,000 110,000 80,000 EPS $ 5. 00 $ 5. 46 $ 5. 99 $ 6. 15 $ 5. 75 b. Debt 0%Debt 15% Debt 30%Debt 45% Debt 60% c. The optimal capital structure would be 30% debt and 70% equity because this is the debt/equity mix that maximizes the price of the common stock. Chapter 16 Problem 16. For each of the add amounts, interest rates, annual softenments, and loan terms shown in the following table, calculate the annual interest give each year over the term of the loan, assuming that the payments are make at the end of each year. Loan Amount Rate yearbook Payment Term (in years) Interest Paid stratum 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 A $14,000 10% $4,416 4 $1400 $1098. 40 $766. 64 $401. 70 B 17,500 12% 10,355 2 2100 1109. 40 C 2,400 13% 1,017 3 312 220. 35 116. 79 D 49,000 14% 14,273 5 6860 5822. 18 4639. 06 3290. 31 1752. 3 E 26,500 16% 7191 6 4240 3767. 84 3220. 13 2584. 80 1847. 80 992. 89 Problem 16. 5 Lease versus buy northwesterly Lumber Company needs to expand its facilities. To do so, the stanch must acquire a machine costing $80,000. The machine can be leased or leveragingd. The sign is in the 40% tax bracket, and its after-tax cost of debt is 9%. The terms of the lease and get plans are as follows Lease The leasing arrangement requires end-of-year payments of $19,800 over 5 years. All maintenance cost will be paid by the lessor insurance and other costs will be borne by the lessee.The lessee will exercise its choice to purchase the asset for $24,000 at t ermination of the lease. Purchase If the firm purchases the machine, its cost of $80,000 will be financed with a 5-year, 14% loan requiring equal end-of-year payments of $23,302. The machine will be depreciated under MACRS using a 5-year recovery period. (See Table 3. 2 on page 108 for the applicable depreciation percentages. ) The firm will pay $2,000 per year for a service contract that covers all maintenance costs insurance and other costs will be borne by the firm.The firm plans to keep the equipment and use it beyond its 5-year recovery period. a. Determine the after-tax cash springs of Northwest Lumber under each alternative. Year Lease after-tax outflows Purchase after-tax outflows 1 $11,880 $13,622 2 11,880 10,459. 71 3 11,880 15,391. 10 4 11,880 18,512. 89 5 35,880 19,516. 93 b. Find the present value of each after-tax cash outflow stream, using the after-tax cost of debt. Year PV of outflows (Lease) PV of outflows (Purchase) 1 $10,893. 96 $12,491. 37 2 10,002. 96 8,807 3 9,171. 6 11,881. 93 4 8,411. 04 13,107. 13 5 23,322 12,686. 00 Total $61,801. 32 $58,973. 51 c. Which alternativelease or purchasewould you recommend? Why? The alternative that I would recommend is the purchase option because it has the lower present value of after-tax cash outflows as well as the most desirable. It is the most desirable because by purchasing the machine would be a less costly alternative. References Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of Managerial Finance (12th ed. ). Retrieved from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/ substance/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx.

Now That’s What I Call Music, Piracy! Essay

I bought my first CD when I was nigh 10 years old. My mom had drove me to only whentocks and allowed me to purchase one CD of my choosing I chose Now 11. I washed- aside what felt comparable hours scouring the aisles of the store thinking for the 11th discrepancy of Now Thats What I Call medication and finally assemble it on the shelf. I remember being filled with excitement and outlook as we drove ingleside I was so anxious to station it into my CD gamblinger. I remember the only reason I valued it was because there was a few rap stresss my brother listened to on it. Since my tally didnt allow me to listen to his unison, I knew this was a great office to slide it past her. I will never forget that CD I listened to it for days on end. As I break awayed the CD, I poured over the insert book, reading the lyrics and singing along. Today if I treasured to own that same Now 11 CD the experience would be entirely different. A few simple searches on the Internet woul d feed me to various file- overlap websites where I could easily download the album for free.Instant gratification. I wouldnt give up to look through aisles, no waiting in line, and no money necessary. This change in technology has beginnere to a greater extent harm than good to the medicine industry and the economy. Downloading medicinal drug, whether legally or extralegally, has tout ensemble changed the figure industry. Consumers seem perfectly limit to click their computer blow a few sentences and download whatever songs they want at their leisure. It all needs perfect sense the technology world is changing and we atomic number 18 taking what we argon given. Al most(prenominal) everyone has an iPod or some other takeout medication device and the days of sitting around a stereophonic and listening to an album from start to finish seem lost forever. digital downloads are far more(prenominal) convenient than bargain foring physiologic albums. They forefathert ta ke up shelf space in your home and as long as you back up all your files, you dont need to worry about losing your favorite album. except, common euphony pi directs tend to lack the knowledge of who or how they are affecting. The transition from physical copies of medicine to digital downloads has make music a commodity in the United States. It seems that music has been completely devalued by this evolution in technology. The excitement of going out to a record store and having to look for a specific album is gone. Virtually everything is available online and whether music fans witness it or not, society has come to take this art form for granted. harmonise to the Record Industry Association of America, global music buccaneering causes $12.5 one thousand million in economic losses every year (Who). There is no doubt it takes an affect on our $16 trillion plus discipline debt. This economic loss also affects the employees of record labels with 70,000 lost jobs (Who). With the U S unemployment rate currently at 7.9%, it definitely takes a toll on that as well (Databases). therefore these economic downfalls music piracy is creating detracts from revenue that could be spent on finding and promoting new artists and allowing signed artists to record more albums.Losing money to piracy also has a profound effect on working musicians themselves. Artists are now forced to make up a immense part of their earnings through licensing their songs to television commercials and shows, touring relentlessly, and selling merchandise. plane with these alternatives to offset the fall in record sales, artists peck still difference to make ends meet. Renting a tour bus and imparting for a driver and gas can cost a small music artist almost a $1,000 (Arnold). In 2007, the Boston base band, The Dresden Dolls, told interior(a) Public Radio (NPR) Music in an interview that their record rationalise had them receiving about $1 in royalties for every CD sold, but earlier a ban d gets to see any of that, it has to sell enough CDs to divvy up all of the labels production expenses, which can amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars (Arnold). most(prenominal) artists try to dig themselves out of this hole through relentless touring, but even selling tickets comes with a price. Venue and concert promoters take a share out of an artists ticket sales, they even have sound technicians and others workers to pay for too. One could look back on Noah Webster, who is primarily known for his proto(prenominal) and influential dictionary he campaigned in the 1780s for copyright laws to nourish American authors content (Paulson). He would not have been am utilize with todays copyright issues. The printers of the 1780s were not large corporations. They were small shops making their living largely by stealing the content of books published in Europe (Paulson). Whats so different about music piracy and the music industry today? Webster wanted to make sure his work would not be published without compensation, just like the music industry is trying to do today. The debate over illegal downloading often focuses on technology.Those who defend the unauthorized sharing of music rank that critics are living in the past and had better get used to the new reality. But that new reality is taking a toll. over the past decade, America has lost a staggering number of pro songwriters and composers, primarily due to the impact of illegal music downloading, says Bart Herbison, decision maker director of the National Songwriters Association. Those that remain in the profession are fight to earn even a minimal income (Paulson). Most lawlessly downloaded songs come from major stars and labels, but the food chain surrounding major artists includes assay songwriters, producers, and musicians trying to get by in a damaged industry. wildcat downloading is a global issue, and no one nation will put forward a solution, but Americas origins suggest we should care m ore than most music pirates. Its not about business models or emerging technology. Its about living up to what Webster and the first generation of Americans believed. Art should be free, but not necessarily free of charge. Consequently record labels and artists are not taking these losses lightly.In rundown to commonplace campaigns against piracy, the record industry has prosecuted numerous people suspected and delinquent of downloading music illegally. Most recently The Boston Globe describe that a Boston University graduate student was fined $675,000 in damages for illegally downloading 30 songs and sharing them online (Valencia). Thats a far cry from the $30 he would have paid had he simply bought the songs on iTunes. Yet shockingly some say this graduate student got off lucky. In June of 2009, CNN reported that a 32-year-old Minnesota woman was found guilty of downloading music illegally and ordered to pay $1.9 million dollars for 24 songs (Friend). In the midst of battling online piracy, the record industry is desperately trying to find ways to encourage consumers to buy albums again.In September of this year, Apple announced its newest version of iTunes called iTunes LP. This new course of study will include album artwork, photos, lyrics, and videos as part of an album purchase, in effect recreating the physical album experience (Apple). The company commits that by go these extra incentives to consumers, people will be more likely to overleap their money on music as opposed to sharing files with individually other. Some may wonder what caused this digital music war I say it could be blamed on Napster, invented by Shawn Fanning in 1999. Napster was a peer-to-peer file sharing program that bas let the cat out of the suit persona by allowing digital music to be accessed by virtually anyone for free. However on March 5th, 2001, Fanning and Napster were sued and prevented from sharing their copyrighted music.Not long after(prenominal) that came Lim eWire, started by Mark Gorton in 2000. It was another free peer-to-peer file sharing program that expanded on what Napster created. Finally on May 12th, 2011, the record Industry Association of America announced its $105 million case settlement with major recording companies (Sisario). In the lawsuit, the labels identified more than 9,000 recordings made since 1972 that had been traded on LimeWire without permission and sought damages of up to $150,000 for each song (Sisario). Although the $105 million settlement is far from the $1.4 billion the labels had sought as a maximum penalty, the companies are hoping that the case will restrain foster piracy since Mr. Gorton, a former Wall Street trader with millions in personal assets, also faced liability (Sisario).Fortunately there are a few music programs like Spotify and Pandora that are doing their take up to conflict music piracy. Pandora launched in 2000 but has since become increasingly popular today. With Pandora you can creat e up to 100 personal radio stations that play the music you like with advertisements in between every couple songs. It has over 150 million registered users today (Sasario). Spotify is a music-based streaming service that is based out of Sweden since 2009. It just opened in the US in July 2012. They tolerate users unlimited music for little (or no) money. Pay just $10 per month the cost of a single album and you can literally play music non-stop on your computer or mobile device. Dont want to pay? No problem. Spotify has various options (depending on whether youre in the US or Europe) for getting at least some music for free (Couts). Not only that, but you get to choose from Spotifys catalog of 15 million songs (Couts).In Sweden, since 2009 when Spotify debuted, music piracy has dropped 25 percent. Including 9 percent alone this last year (Couts). There is no actual way to tell if itll do the same in the US, only time will tell. Its hard to argue that we wont see similar decreas es in piracy if Spotify keeps the popularity it has today. Although Pandora and Spotify rake in millions of dollars there is one thing that keeps them from gaining money the cost of music royalties. Pandora, who just went public last summer, has never had a profitable year, and in its most recently reported quarter lost $20 million on $81 million in revenue. Spotifys accounts for the last year, recently filed in Luxembourg, show that it lost $57 million in 2011, despite a big increase in revenue, to $236 million (Sasario).With artists and labels hit hard by declining sales over the last decade, its hard to argue for commence royalty rates. Its fair to say that the graveyard of failed digital services, and the financial struggles of Pandora and Spotify show that the music industry hasnt yet figured out the balance between licensing costs and how much money a digital service can make. Altogether the music industry will never fully be rid of music piracy. Will music piracy destroy th e economic wellbeing of the music industry?Only time will tell. People will continue to burn CDs and share music with one another, and file-sharing websites will probably always exist. I believe the best way to combat piracy is to keep consumers informed about the consequences of downloading music illegally, not only for the record companies but for everyone working in the music industry. The next time you consider downloading music from a file sharing website or giving a CD of yours to a friend, consider this is 99 cents per song really too much to ask for all the months of project musicians, producers, engineers, and record labels put into creating an album for you? If you still feel it is, I hope you plan on spending $40 on concert tickets old soon.Works CitedApple ITunes ITunes LP and ITunes Extras. Apple ITunes ITunes LP and ITunes Extras. Apple Inc., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.Arnold, Chris. Band Tries to Make It well-favored Without Going Broke. NPR. NPR, 17 Jan. 2007. Web . 01 Nov. 2012.Couts, Andrew. Spotify Linked to Major Decline in Music Piracy. Digital Trends. N.p., 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject. Bureau of Labor Statistics Data. United States section of Labor, Oct. 2012. Web. 16 Nov. 2012.Friend, Elianne. Woman Fined to Tune of $1.9 Million for Illegal Downloads. CNN. Cable discussion Network, 18 June 2009. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.Paulson, Ken. First Amendment Center. Real Cost of free Downloads. USA Today, 21 Aug. 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012.Sisario, Ben. Major Record Labels Settle Suit With LimeWire. Media Decoder Blog. The New York Times, 12 May 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.Sisario, Ben. Pandora and Spotify Rake In the Money and Then Send It make in Royalties. Media Decoder Blog. The New York Times, 24 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.Valencia, Milton J. Supreme Court Refuses to nail Music Downloading Appeal. BostonGlobe.com. N.p., 22 May 2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.Who Music Theft Hurts. Http//www.riaa.com. N.p., n .d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

Development of American economic system

Economics is defined as the focussing the services to produce goods be allocated among alternative uses to satisfy benignant wants. In short, economicalals is the output of goods and services that society needs and wants. The history of the United States economy is one of growth. The amount of goods and services that the United States produces yearly has grown significantly in the last 100 years. The American economic scheme, including red-brick developments and trends, are important to American society. The American economic system follows an outline for it to be successful.An economic system essential determine what and how practically product society is producing and how each service and good is to be produce. It must also determine how the services and goods are to be distributed to members of society and what the footstep of growth per capita income will be. (Mansfield and Behravesh, 1998, p 24) The economic system must realize out what its factories are putting in to stores, how untold is being put into stores, how much it will cost to get these products and services into the hands of Americans, and how much specie society will make as a whole because of these products and services.This is a simple system of what goes out must be replaced by something evenly as valuable. The United States will gladly give Americans what they need, however, those Americans need to flip-flop cash for it so the workers who made those products can do the same for themselves and their families. In essence, it could be considered a barter system, but quite of trading goods for early(a) goods, Americans trade cash for goods. Modern developments have become extremely important in the American economic system. For example, international trade is a modern development that plays a very important role.Many American industries depend on other countries for raw materials such as coffee, tin, or tea. American exports answer for for ten percent of its gross domestic p roduct. American society and way of life would have to change drastically if trading with other countries was not an option. (Mansfield and Behravesh, 1998) Financial transactions in the form of revolving conviction cards is another(prenominal) important modern development. Although the use of credit began during the time of the Pilgrims, the use of revolving credit cards is a modern development. Credit, as Americans know it today, began in the fresh 1800s with the advent of credit tokens.This made it faster and easier to extend credit instead of looking up individual information. In the 1950s, the revolving credit card came into use. multitude could now borrow money, repay it, and borrow again without having to be okay for a line of credit each time. Today, these credit cards are an easy way to pay for goods and services, and it is used more often than cash. Americans profane everything on credit, including clothing, food, and entertainment. Take away Americans use of credit, and the economy would come to a grinding halt. (The History of Credit & Debit History of Credit Cards., 2009)In conclusion, Americas economic system is a simple one, however, modern developments have complicated it somewhat. external trade and the use of credit in general and revolving credit cards are extremely important because these developments keep the country growing and wretched forward. Many Americans drive foreign cars and drink foreign coffee, a subject of international trade. Many Americans use credit to buy houses and food, a moderate of the advent of credit. Without these developments, American society as the Americans know it would change drastically, creating excess hardship.

Stress Management Among Bank Employees

INTRODUCTION thrust is slice and parcel of all solve and helps to keep one motivated. besides inordinate closet go off track to evince, which undermines per break downance, is costly to employers and can bump off people ill. punctuate is ubiquitous and has become an integral part of customary living, an unavoidable consequence of modern living. focusing is a condition of screen out t eyelid has a direct bearing on emotions, thought process and somatic conditions of a individual.During the past decade, the wedgeing sector had under gone rapid and spectacular changes like policy changes, increased competition due to the entrance of to a greater extent private sector banks, introduction of new technologies, etc. Due to these changes, the employees in the banking sector ar experiencing a high aim of hear. Bank employees accept that essay is affecting their jobs, family life and wellness. Unpredictable economy, pres true to maintain gainfulness and increased res ponsibilities argon main military campaigns of evince. OBJECTIVES To analyze the origin and growth level of banking sector in Tirupur region To analyze the level of job melody among bank employees in Tirupur region. To analyze the contribution of over load, authority, conflict and wish of Support from colics to the job idiom among bank employees in Tirupur region. To analyze the vastness of interventional strategies at organizational level to manage judge among bank employees. To analyze the role of assay in interpersonal birth To evaluate the progress, goals and success of filter out counselling programme organized by the banks To give suitable suggestions to the banking sector to develop tressless on the job(p) condition among the bank employees (1. 1) CONCEPT OF STRESS (1. 1. 1) INTRODUCTION TO STRESS A lot of search has been conducted into strain over the last hundred years. Some of the theories behind it argon now sett guide and accepted others be still org anism researched and debated. During this time, at that place seems to obtain been something approaching open warf atomic number 18 between competing theories and definitions Views have been stormily held and aggressively defended. What complicates this is that intuitively we all expression that we know what stress is, as it is something we have all experienced.A definition should therefore be unambiguousexcept that it is not. Definition Hans Selye was one of the founding fathers of stress research. His view in 1956 was that stress is not necessarily something bad it all depends on how you convey it. The stress of exhilarating, creative successful work is beneficial, while that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental. Selye believed that the biochemical effects of stress would be experienced regardless of whether the situation was confident(p) or invalidating.Since then, a great freshet of scotch along research has been conducted, and ideas have moved on. St ress is now viewed as a bad thing, with a range of harmful biochemical and long-run effects. These effects have rargonly been observed in positive situations. The around unremarkably accepted definition of stress (mainly attributed to Richard S Lazarus) is that, Stress is a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands outdo the personal and social resources the item-by-item is able to mobilize. In short, its what we feel when we conceptualize weve lost control of events.This is the main definition used by this section of Mind Tools, although we as well as recognize that there is an intertwined instinctive stress reception to unexpected events. The stress resolution inside us is therefore part instinct and part to do with the air we think. The types of stress are as follows Mechanical Stress (physics), the average amount of force exerted per unit area. damp stress, the stress at which a material begins to de pattern plastically. Compressive str ess, the stress utilize to materials expirying in their compaction. Biological Stress (biological), physiological or psychological stress some types include a) Chronic stress, persistent stress which can look at to illness and mental dis baseball club b) Eustress, positive stress that can lead to improved long-term functioning c) Workplace stress, stress caused by transaction Music Accent (music). Stress ( call up), an early 80s melodic rock band from San Diego. Stress (punk band), an early 80s punk rock band from Athens. Stress (Neo-Psychedelic band), from the after-hours 1980s. Stress, a song by the French band Justice on their debut album Other Stress (game), card game Stress (linguistics), phonological use of prominence in language Chronic stress Chronic stress is stress that lasts a long time or occurs frequently. Chronic stress is potentially damaging. Symptoms of chronic stress can be Upset stomach Headache Backache Insomnia Anxiety Depression Anger is the intimately s evere cases it can lead to apprehension attacks or a panic disorder. There are a variety of methods to control chronic stress, including exercise, rosy diet, stress management, comfort techniques, adequate rest, and relaxing hobbies. 1. 1. 2) what is Stress? Stress refers to the expand from the conflict between our external environment ands, leading to emotional and natural pressure. In our fast paced world, it is impossible to live without stress, whether you are a savant or a working adult. There is both positive and negative stress, depending on each individuals unique perception of the tightness between the two forces. Not all stress is bad. For example, positive stress, in addition known as eustress, can help an individual to function at optimal effectiveness and efficiency.Hence, it is evident that some form of positive stress can add more color and vibrancy to our lives. The presence of a deadline, for example, can push us to make the most of our time and mother gre ater efficiency. It is beta to keep this in foreland, as stress management refers to using stress to our advantage, and not on eradicating the presence of stress in our lives. On the other hand, negative stress can bequeath in mental and material strain. The individual ordain experience symptoms such(prenominal) as tensions, headaches, irritability and in extreme cases, life palpitations.Hence, whilst some stress whitethorn be seen as a motivating force, it is important to manage stress levels so that it does not have an adverse impact on your health and relationships. Part of managing your stress levels include learning about how stress can affect you emotionally and physically, as well as how to see if you are performing at your optimal stress level (OSL) or if you are experiencing negative stress. This knowledge will help you to secernate when you pauperization to point a break, or perhaps seek professional help.It is also your firstborn step towards developing techniq ues to managing your stress levels. Modern day stresses can fritter the form of monetary needs, or emotional frictions. Competition at work and an increased workload can also cause greater levels of stress. How do you identify if you are suffering from excessive stress? Psychological symptoms commonly experienced include insomnia, headaches and an inability to focus. Physical symptoms cultivate the form of heart palpitations, breathlessness, excessive sweating and stomachaches. What causes stress?There are m whatsoever incompatible causes of stress, and that which causes stress is also known as a stressor. Common life style stressors include performance, threat, and bereavement stressors, to name a few. Performance stressors are triggered when an individual is placed in a situation where he feels a need to excel. This could be during performance appraisals, lunch with the boss, or giving a speech. threat stressors are usually when the current situation poses a dangerous threat, such as an economic downturn, or from an accident.Lastly, bereavement stressors occur when there is a sense of loss such as the death of a love one, or a prized possession. Thus, there are various stressors, and even more varied methods and techniques of dealing with stress and turning it to our advantages. In order to do so, we must learn to tell when we have crossed the line from positive to negative stress. Good stress v/s Bad stress Stress has much been misunderstood to be negative, with few people acknowledging the importance and usefulness of positive stress. In our everyday lives, stress is everywhere and definitely unavoidable hence our mphasis should be on differentiating between what is rock-steady stress, and what is bad. This will help us to learn to consider with negative stress, and harness the source of positive stress to help us achieve more. There are 4 main categories of stress, namely eustress, distraint, hyper stress and hypo stress. Negative stress can cau se many physical and psychological problems, whilst positive stress can be very utile for us. Heres how we name between them. Eustress This is a positive form of stress, which prepares your mind and ashes for the threatening challenges that it has perceived.Eustress is a natural physical reaction by your personify which increases declension flow to your muscles, resulting in a higher heart rate. Athletes before a competition or perhaps a manager before a major presentation would do well with eustress, allowing them to derive the inspiration and intensity level that is needed. Distress We are familiar with this word, and know that it is a negative form of stress. This occurs when the mind and body is uneffective to cope with changes, and usually occurs when there are deviations from the norm. They can be categorized into acute stress and chronic stress. keen stress is intense, but does not last for long. On the other hand, chronic stress persists over a long period of time. T rigger events for distress can be a change in job electron orbit or routine that the person is uneffective to handle or cope with. Hyper stress This is another form of negative stress that occurs when the individual is unable to cope with the workload. Examples include highly stressful jobs, which require longer working hours than the individual can handle. If you suspect that you are suffering from hyper stress, you are apparent to have sudden emotional breakdowns over insignificant issues, the proverbial straws hat broke the camels back. It is important for you to recognize that your body needs a break, or you may end up with severe and chronic physical and psychological reactions. Hypo stress Lastly, hypo stress occurs when a person has nothing to do with his time and feels constantly bored and unmotivated. This is due to an meager amount of stress hence some stress is inevitable and helpful to us. Companies should avoid having workers who experience hypo stress as this will cause productivity and mindfulness to fall.If the job scope is boring and repetitive, it would be a good idea to implement some form of job gyration so that there is al shipway something new to learn. The types of stress are named as eustress and distress. Distress is the most commonly-referred to type of stress, having negative implications whereas eustress is a positive form of stress, usually related to desirable events in persons life. some(prenominal) can be equally taxing on the body, and are cumulative in nature, depending on a persons way of adapting to a change that has caused it. (1. 1. ) header with Stress at Work place With the rapid advancement of technology, the stresses face at work have also increased. Many people understanding going to work, hence the term Monday Blues. What is the reason for this? There is part the fear from being retrenched in bedtimes, leading to greater job jeopardy on the part of those who remain. Undoubtedly, occupational stress is one of the most commonly cited stressors faced by people all over the world. Stress refers to the pressure and reactions to our environment which results in psychological and physical reactions.Whilst some stress is good for motivation and increasing efficiency, too much stress can result in negative impacts such as reduced effectiveness and efficiency. much and more people are feeling isolated and disrespected at work, and this has led to greater occupational stress. Many companies have taken to consulting experts and professionals on ways to increase connectedness and motivation of their employees. Some companies organize parties and make their employees feel valued at work. These are measures to motivate employees and help them to feel plug away at their jobs, translating into greater productivity.However, not all companies have such measures in place, and some have not gotten it quite right. Hence, it is up to you to make sure that you can cope with stress at your workplace, and use it to help you work bettor. Here are 3 simple steps to help you with coping with stress in the workplace. Step 1 Raising Awareness avail yourself to identify when you are facing rising levels of stress, tipping the scales from positive to negative. This is important, as being able to identify signs of being stressed can help you to take steps to ensure that your general quality of life does not drop.If leftfield unacknowledged, the problem will only snowball, leading to disastrous consequences to your health and overall wellbeing. You can identify if you are feeling stressed by checking if you have any physical or psychological reactions, such as excessive sweating or heart palpitations, or the onset of headaches, irritability or the need to escape. If you experience any of these reactions, identify if you are feeling any overwhelming negative emotions, and if you are constantly worried. Step 2 send the CauseYou need to be able to analyze the situation and identify what is causing the rise in stress. These stressors can be external and internal. outside stressors refer to things beyond your control, such as the environment or your colleagues at work. Internal stressors refer to your own thinking and attitude. Often, we only start reacting to stress when a combination of stressors working together exceeds our ability to cope. Keep a diary or a list of events that have caused you to feel ardent negative emotions, or that are likely stressors. This will help you to identify the causes of your stress.Whilst it is not always possible to eradicate them, we can change the way that we cope with it. Step 3 Coping with Stress In order to deal with the situation that is causing you stress, you need to calm your mind and body so as to stave off the reactions and cope with it in a positive way. This can be through different methods, such as taking time off. If a situation is triggering your stress and you are unable to calm down, remove yourself from it. Go out side and take a qualifying to calm down. Alternatively, you can try implementing relaxation techniques such as sibylline breathing.If it is an internal stressor, stop your thought process until you are able to deal with it logically. The key to making these 3 steps work for you is to practice them. These are not instantaneous solutions, and you need to condition your mind and practice them so that you can implement it when you are feeling stressed. (1. 1. 4) Stress Management Stress management is the need of the hour. However hard we try to go beyond a stress situation, life seems to find new ways of stressing us out and plaguing us with anxiety attacks.Moreover, be it our anxiety, mind-body exhaustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook causes of stress and the conditions triggered by those. In such unsettling moments we often forget that stressors, if not escapable, are fairly manageable and treatable. Stress, either mobile or constant, can induce risky body-mind disor ders. Immediate disorders such as dizzy spells, anxiety attacks, tension, sleeplessness, nervousness and muscle cramps can all result in chronic health problems. They may also affect our immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems and lead individuals to habitual addictions, which are inter-linked ith stress. Like stress reactions, relaxation responses and stress management techniques are some of the bodys important built-in response systems. As relaxation response the body tries to get back chemical equilibrium in its homeostasis. Some hormones released during the fight or flight situation prompt the body to replace the lost carbohydrates and fats, and restore the energy level. The knotted nerves, tightened muscles and an exhausted mind crave for looseness. Unfortunately, today, we dont get relaxing and soothing situations without asking.To be relaxed we have to hit to create such situations. Recognizing a stressor It is important to recognize whether you are under stress or out o f it. Many times, even if we are under the influence of a stressful condition and our body reacts to it internally as well as externally, we fail to realize that we are reacting under stress. This also happens when the causes of stress are there long enough for us to get habituated to them. The body constantly tries to tell us through symptoms such as rapid palpitation, dizzy spells, tight muscles or various body aches that something is wrong.It is important to remain attentive to such symptoms and to learn to cope with the situations. We cope better with stressful situation, when we encounter them voluntarily. In case of relocation, promotion or layoff, swaggering sports or having a baby, we tend to respond positively under stress. But, when we are compelled into such situations against our will or knowledge, more often than not, we wilt at the face of unknown and imagined threats. For instance, stress may mount when one is coerced into pioneer some work against ones will.

God’s Foreknowledge and the Problem of Evil Essay

In his essay1 on the possibility of paragons having center(a) familiarity of the actions of drop agents and the relationship of that noesis, if it exists, to the difficulty of grievous,2 RM Adams discusses cardinal questions firstly, whether center(a) knowledge is achievable, in time for god, and plunk forly, whether deity could wee made liberate creatures who would alship spateal loosenly do right. These questions highlight the importance of trying to understand how much idol knows approximately the early and the relationship of the answer to that question with the line of work of black.In the position essay I re perspective four major possible views of idols fate and highlight their strengths and weaknesses, paying particular attention to Adams line of merchandises on Middle Knowledge which lead to his mop up that thither is reason to head its possibility. I wherefore review Adams courses astir(predicate) its impact on the fuss of evil and, having co ncluded, as he does, that, position knowledge cosmos on hand(predicate) or non, permitting virtu whollyy evil in order to exclusivelyow creatures to leave free get out may contri savee to a theodicy further non complete it, I call back how this situation might be change by accepting that the future(a) is at least partly open.The problem The problem of evil has been the written report of theological dispute for centuries. If God is, as the traditional Christian view would have it, omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good, how throw in there is evil in the world? Such a God, the argument goes, would non only wish to dispel evil from the world, but, boobce he give the bounce do allthing, he would have d integrity so. Since he clearly has not, either he is not able to do so or he does not c be, or perhaps he doesnt exist.While arguments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the above call into doubt the possibility of Gods being at once omnipotent and perfectly good, t he problem of evil is also closely related to the issue of his omniscience, in particular to his foreknowledge. If God knows everything about the future, including what choices between good and evil I w naughtily retain, am I rightfully free to make those choices? But does God very know everything, particularly about contingent future events? There are m whatsoever(prenominal) views of the Gods foreknowledge I get out consider four principal ones.The Simple Foreknowledge invite. This view holds that God knows all truths and believes no falsehoods, or as Hunt puts it God has complete and unfailing knowledge of the future3, a simple statement and one which is subject to some serious objections. In the context of this essay the most of import objection is that it would appear to negate the possibility of clement freedom. As Augustines interlocutor, Evodius, says, since God foreknew that he Adam was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to adventure.How so is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? 4 Augustine then argues that Gods foreknowledge does not force the future to happen. God foreknows everything that he suits but does not cause everything that he foreknows sin is committed by the will not coerced by Gods foreknowledge. 5 If God did cause or coerce Adam to sin he would be exempt from blame but, Hunt pleads, following Augustine, the simple feature of Gods knowing in advance what Adam (and much generally, we) will do does not constitute coercion.It is admittedly that Gods foreknowing leaves Adam with no alternatives But the mere absence of alternatives is irrelevant only when knowing what the person will do is not an interference of any relegate, and its implications for free agency are benign. 6 Hunts view is that we should authority our intuition that Adam is deprived of alternatives but not free will. For me however, this is not my intuition. This and confusable arguments elsewhere appear to be doing little mo re than restating the problem, and do not provide a satisfactory escape route.The problem is one of logic not theology. If it is inevitable, foreknown infallibly, that I will do A then it is not in reality an option for me not to do A. I might think that I am choosing between A and not-A, but if God knows which I will choose then in reality I am deluded there is no possibility of my choosing not-A and if I slangt have any choice this also seems to remove any possibility of blame or responsibility for my actions. How can I be held responsible for an action which I could not avoid doing?Worse, since I do things which patently are evil and could have been avoided if I really had free will, it is arguable that God himself is responsible for, or at least knows in advance and allows to happen, the evil that I do. In addition to the free-will problem, proponents of the simple foreknowledge view have to explain what we are doing when we pray. Are we asking God to change the future? And if he does graciously agree to change it, would that not mean that he was wrong when he earlier knew, supposedly infallibly, what the future was to include before he changed it?It is an chief(prenominal) part of this view of God that he believes no falsehoods, but if our prayers have any effect, that would seem to inculpate the falsehood of Gods earlier beliefs about that particular survey of the future. It should be noted at this point that the simple foreknowledge view is fully compatible with the Christian understanding of Gods being outside time. I will return to this later, but sacrificing or compromising this understanding would be a heavy price to pay for legion(predicate) Christian theologians.These objections taken together seem to me to make simple foreknowledge, without some considerable modification, incompatible with an understanding of sympathetics as responsible agents. The some other views I discuss below attempt in different courses to make sufficient modifica tions to deal with this problem piece of music remaining authentic to scripture. I should of course consider the possibility that, in coming to this conclusion about the difficulties of the simple foreknowledge view, I have not unsounded the question.Could it be that what I mean by either free ill or knowledge is somehow different to what generations of theologians have meant? For myself, I maintain that my action is free if I could do otherwise than what I actually fix to do and, crucially, no-one else knows in advance what I will decide to do, not even God. And knowledge in this context can be taken as skillfulified dead on target belief which is just the sort of knowledge that God is supposed to have infallibly. It seems that simple foreknowledge is not to be rescued by recourse to a dictionary. The Augustinian-Calvinist ViewThis view, as expounded by Helm,7 does indeed depend on a careful compatibilist description of free will which enables him to argue that it is not un avoidable to accept either a modified, reduced account of omniscience, or that human agents are not responsible for their actions. Here compatibilism is the view that free will is compatible with causal determinism, a view that Helm maintains was explicitly held by the later Augustine (probably as a result of further thought compared with his earlier writings) and implicitly by Calvin.The latter is evidenced firstly by the billet he pull between necessity and compulsion, and secondly by his successors taking a similar view of free will, calling it the liberty of rational spontaneity while denying the liberty of indifference. 8 Helm distinguishes three concepts of Gods foreknowledge. One is causal in the sense used by doubting Thomas Gods knowledge is the cause of things and on this view there is no distinction between what God causes and permits since God foreknows all events and indeed moldiness cause them all.There is an inference from this that God causes future evil but Aquina s is state to have allowed the concept of inspired permission whereby God is said to know of it but not cause it. More on that later. The second sense has Gods foreknowledge logically subsequent to his rescript and is simply the knowledge of that decree before it takes effect in time, and the trine is the reverse of this, with the foreknowledge logically prior to his decree.His arguments entail one or other of the first two senses, but not the third. Based on these starting points Helm raises three arguments in support of the Augustinian position. First there is the role of Gods grace. The argument between those who believe and those who do not believe that Gods foreknowledge is compatible with human incompatibilism, Helm says, is not about the nature of God or of human freedom but about the relationship between God and humankind.manufacturing business grace and free, incompatibilist choice can only be causally necessary for a persons coming to faith, but not causally sufficient since, given our libertarian will, we could resist such grace and it would not then ensure its intended effect. However, scripture tells us that saving grace is overwhelming and, when received, liberating it alone, according to Augustine, ensures true human freedom,9 and the inference is that such grace is then sufficient.The obvious objection here is that some people clearly do resist Gods saving grace, an objection that Helm does not deal with effectively. Secondly there is an argument based on divine perfection as reflected in his omnipotence and omniscience. Helm asks rhetorically how God knows of the causes of evil actions if he is not the cause of them, and quotes Augustines answer that God, for the highest reasons (which are at present unknown to us) knowingly permits particular evil actions. 10 In a rather obscure modulation, Helm appears to argue as follows (1) it is theologically delectable that Gods foreknowledge should be as complete as may reasonably be assumed and we should therefore assume that he does foreknow his free creatures freely willed actions (2) If compatibilism is true then God can foreknow these actions and therefore (3) compatibilism is true. 11 However, as Hunt points out, this is fallacious and Helm should have argued for (2) If compatibilism is not true then God cannot foreknow but he has not done so.Finally Helm argues that Gods omniscience is logically inconsistent with human incompatibilist freedom. He supposes as an causa that God foreknew yesterday the truth of the proposition Jones will freely eat a tuna fish sandwich tomorrow. That foreknowledge is now in the past and is therefore necessary, not logically but accidentally or historically, and therefore it entails the necessity that Jones will eat the tuna sandwich that putatively free act cannot therefore be free. In that case divine omniscience is inconsistent with incompatibilist freedom. 12 Helm admits that this argument really only works with the assumption tha t God is in some carriage inside time for yesterday and tomorrow to have any force. 13In summary, Helm believes his arguments have made the broadly Augustinian case that divine foreknowledge and human freedom are consistent, but I am distressed to see that any of my objections to the simple foreknowledge argument are any less forceful in response to Helm. My logical worry and the problem of prayer remain, but these are supplemented by the acknowledged need for God to be temporal, at least for part of the argument to be successful.The Middle-Knowledge View This view is that espoused by Luis de Molina, a 16th century Spanish Jesuit theologian, who drew a distinction between three kinds of knowledge that, in his view, God possesses14. Firstly, Molina said, God possesses natural knowledge, that is a knowledge of all necessarily true propositions, such as two plus two equals four. Since such truths are necessary, nobody, not even God, can make them false. Secondly, God possesses free k nowledge, that is knowledge of all contingent truths that are within his control, but which could have been false under different conditions,.For example I am interested in philosophy is a contingently true proposition but God could have brought it about that it was false. Finally, Molina proposes that God possesses middle knowledge (so called because it is in-between Gods natural and free knowledge), that is, knowledge of contingent propositions which are true but beyond his control. The most important items of middle knowledge for the purpose of this discussion are the counterfactuals of freedom which expound what people would freely do if placed in various possible situations.This is relevant to the problem of evil because it might seem that if God has middle knowledge, He could have secured creatures sinless but free by just creating those that he knew would not sin if allowed to act freely. 15 In his discussion of middle knowledge16 Craig indicates its power and why it is so a ttractive in the discussion of free will and the problem of evil. If it is true that God has middle knowledge as described above, this not only makes room for human freedom but it gives God scope to choose which free creatures to create and bring about his ultimate purposes through free creaturely decisions.He adduces three lines of argument in support of it biblical, theological and philosophical. 17 Biblical arguments Craig uses the example of David and Saul 18 David is in the Judaic city of Keilah and asks God through an ephod19 if Saul will attack him there and whether the men of Keilah would give him up to Saul to save their lives. God answers affirmatively to both(prenominal) questions, whereupon Saul heads for the hills, with the result that Saul does not need to besiege the city and the men of Keilah do not need to betray him to Saul.It is clear, says Craig, that the bible passage shows that God has counterfactual knowledge, although he admits that this does not show con clusively that he has middle knowledge. He goes on to accept that biblical exegesis is not generous to settle the matter. 20 Theological arguments Craig says that the strongest arguments in support of the Molinist perspective are theological21 but gives no direct support for this other than to wax melodic on the power of middle knowledge in theological argument on a range of issues.This may be correct, given the creation of middle knowledge, but that is what we wish to test. Philosophical arguments Craig asserts that divine foreknowledge and future contingents are compatible for the simple reason that Scripture teaches both23 (a theological rather than philosophical statement of course) and goes on to discuss the basis of such foreknowledge. He builds an argument about freedom of action, concluding that from Gods knowledge that I shall do x, it does not follow that I must do x, only that I shall do x.That is in no way incompatible with my doing x freely. 24 This is really just a restatement of the problem of free will and Craig does little more here than reassert its truth. Craigs utmost conclusion is that philosophically, omniscience entails knowledge of all truth and, since counterfactuals of creaturely freedom are true logically prior to gods creative decree, they must therefore be known by God at that logical moment. because we should affirm that God has middle knowledge.

“Social Inequality Is a Necessary Evil of Capitalist Society”. Please Comment .

Social contrariety is a necessary evil of slap-upist ball club. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed in the lecture and textbook. In the 21th century, the existence of fond in par has already raised to the surface, which give turn up to a torrent of furor. Many people cyphers kind discrimination as an individual problem, people experience contrast because of their ability or laziness. However, this is in some way not the real case.Indeed, societal unlikeness shag be the take of the institution of the federation, or, simply a characteristic of a particular frugal organisation. This is exactly why social inequality is said to be a necessary evil in a capitalistic parliamentary law. In this essay, the reasons that social inequality must exist in a capitalist inn is going to be discussed. The term capitalist economy loafer be ambiguous, so what really means capitalist economy? Over these centuries, capitalism has been furth er divided or mutated into many types of systems.Generally, capitalism is an economical system. The most notable and super acid meaning of capitalism is the private self-control of the means of production. Private ownership means that individuals consist of the freedom to control their own assert. This means individuals volition not interfere with one an some variant as they use, exchange (sell) or give away what they find unclaimed or abandoned, what they make, and what they get from opposite psyches by gift or exchange (purchase). (Watts, 1975) Compargond to capitalism, the definition of social inequality is relatively cle arr.Basically, anything unequal happened within a society or groups can said to be a social inequality. Sociologically, according to Marger(2005), the more than than lucid inequalities in nowadays society ar mainly the differences in income and wealth, differences in social standing and prestige, and differences in power. Now, do capitalist societ y and capitalism consist of an identical meaning? This is a very discussible question. Rather than un slight an economic system, the influence of capitalism is more than that.As Marxian theory stated that economic institution are the determinants of the entire system of society, the societys economic foundation conditions the social, political and intellectual life process in ecumenic (Marx and Engel,1968, cited from Marger,2005), it is believed that a capitalist society refers to a society the norms and culture of the societies are influenced by its economic structure, namely capitalism. In a capitalist society, some particular characteristics are developed. As this is not an economic analysis, the focus flow would be more about social characteristics.First of all, the capital ingathering is a trait that the owner, or the entrepreneur was dependent upon not lonesome(prenominal) the accumulation of his own capital merely a manage the aggregation of the capital of others. (Sc humpeter, 1942) Besides, in a modern capitalistic state, rivalry is engaged to capitalism. The competition betwixt corporations is the key to lower the costs of production and prices, and also the competition among workers to vie for limited employment, while competition leads to a maximization of self-interest. Democracy is also said to be the necessities of capitalism.Przeworski and Wallerstein (1982, cited from Goodin, 2009) explained it by using the term class agree. Democracy is the compromise between capitalist and workers as it brings out the rest that they share the same political power even through with(predicate) their measurement of wealth are unequal. This is redistribution, according to Prezeworski and Wallerstein. Lastly, modern capitalist society triggered the strain of forms of capital as nowadays, bullion and raw materials are not the only when things that constitute profit, and this will be further discussed below.In this way, how these characteristics reflect or grant to social inequality? Lets discuss this issue from assorted sociological perspectives. From the conflict-theory- betterment, Marxian and weberian models are necessary to chthonianstand structured inequality in societies. correspond to Marx, social inequality is fundamental in capitalist society (Marger, 2005) Marx state that capitalism leads to class divisionthe capitalist class and the industrial functional class, while this is the basic of capitalism and also the basic of social inequality.So in this way, the one who own resources and commodity can rule the other class. The working class must accept what capitalist pay them for their pains as they have no capital. This notion practice can create a result of not only control the economic system and wealth distribution, but also the authority and the privilege of capitalist. As a result, the social inequality appeases unchanged and the working classes by no means accept it. Under Marxs analyses, the inevita ble inequality in a capitalist society will at long last trigger a class conflict.Marx explains that the economy and politics are interdependent on separately other, by which, we can applying to this essay is democracy and capitalism. Nowadays, democratic capitalism is a well-known political-economic system. Using Marxs theory, democracy is created by those capitalist who provide to make control and rule the two classes in a on the face of it democratic way. For instance, in the USA, everyone has a right to vote, this allows people to have equality chance to choose the best politician they believe in.Through voting, they tonus like they are given the opportunity to an equal chance, yet the structure-basis soical inequality remain unchanged. After analyzing this topic from Marxian perspectives, lets move on to the weberian model. According to Marger(2005), Weber suggested a more multidimensional model than that of Marx. Other than serious a class division base on economic inte rest, Weber suggest the class, status and party are the factors that create inequality. Regarding this topic, the idea of Weber about the plan of class would be quite proper to explain the inevitability of inequality in capitalist society.In Webers points of view, the institution of class or the class position of a particular person is not just simply base on the means of production, preferably there are things like skills and credentials. For instance, doctor is a worker for the hospital, but their social position is more than simply a worker. Here comes to the plan of capitalIn the industrialism period, technologies are material-intensive, thus the means of production only focused on the physical capital, namely raw materials, money and other kinds of assert.However, in the modern capitalist society, technologies are shifted into informative-intensive, bringing out the transition of capital. Goodwin(2003) suggested that there are five types of capital-financial capital, socia l capital, natural capital, produced capital and human race capital. In this way, the accumulation of capital is not only money and material in modern capitalist society are wide-ranging- unalike types of capitalist are being developed. As a result, our degrees of accumulation of different kinds of capital would result inequality diversity, not only difference in wealth, but difference in privilege and social position.Webers concept is able to explain the inequality of privilege, power and social position kinda than just wealth in modern capitalist society. As we can see, the conflict-approach focus on the inevitability of inequality, while the structural-functionalism approach is focused on the need of inequality. Functional theorists begin with the metaphor that the society is organized as a whole or a living system. ( Rigney, 2001) In this thorough system, people must take up different role to continue the motion of the society.In this way, there is a necessity of inequality . Under this scheme, some roles are relatively important than others, namely doctor is considered more important than nonsense collectors. According to David and Moore (1945), this is due to the more important to the survival of the society than others. These positions expect much talent and education, thus these important roles would earn more income and prestige compared to others, which leads to an open up of competition. Being one of the characteristics in capitalist society, competition is everywhere.People offset printing compete by strive for limited university quota, limited working positions, limited resources and so on. Eventually, those with more talent and stronger ability occupied those more important positions such as layer, judgers, and doctor and those with less talent, in other words, less human capital are taking up less important role namely driver, salesman and so on. This business enterpriseal stratification creates differences in income and reward, applying to a capitalist society, create winners and losers.Applying the functionalist perspective to capitalist society, the variation of roles and the occupation of better positions by people with more human capital, is necessary for the wellness of this organic system to fully extend its function, which explain why a capitalist society needs social inequality. Both the conflict approach and structural-functionalist approach explain inequality in terms of the macrostructure of the society, conflict theorists see the society as a war, while the functionalists see the society as a body and they both sees inequality in a documentary way(Scott, 2003).In contrast, the way symbolic interactionists see things are contradictory to the above approach. emblematical interactions explain social inequality in a more inherent and micro-structural way. According to Blumer (1969), interactionists describe the society as the interaction among people, while human beings act based on the meaning of thin gs have for them. From their perspective, there is no inherent equality or inequality. In such way, the meaning of social inequality are defined by individuals interaction and it become a nteractive process, so terms like inequality are used creatively for people to understand their world. (Scott, 2001) Therefore, when we consider the social inequality in capitalist society from interactionist perspective, how people feel about the subsisting inequality is putting into consideration. In this way, the sets of value and beliefs developed from people are the key to create an endurance of inequality. The ideology of people is developed through interaction and their own interpretation.Although capitalism has created a social inequality, it is still a dominant economic system throughout the world, why? This is because people feel fine about it and accept it. According to Marger (2005), a long-range perceptual constancy and popular acceptance require the development of an effective ideol ogy and its parley through socialization. Parents interact with their children, friends interact with friends, workers interact with workerseventually they view the inequality of power, wealth and privilege as natural or even benefitical.Looking capitalism through the symbolic-interactions eye, sometime it is not only the system, capitalism, set up the latent law that inequality must exist, it is rather comes from the interpretation of individual, and eventually emerge to the whole mint. Using the education system in Hong Kong as an example, competition is seen as natural. School is believed to be the place where people start accumulating human and social capital namely knowledge and relationships which contribute to their career. The concept winner and loser are incepted starting from condition, it is a common beliefs among educatee to compete with others.They strive for getting into famous primary and secondary school and university. As we can see, not only the structure needs inequality, the pack needs inequality so that they are able fight for an opportunity. totally in all, the three sociological perspectives focus on different aspects of the situation. From conflict-approach, it is believed that the inequality is inevitable due to the concept of class, there are always different class and social positions that create an inescapable social inequality.The seemingly beautiful democracy system can be seen as a pass through to play down the existing inequality, and also a strategy of the ruling class, so there are actually hidden conflicts in the capitalist society. From the factionalist perspective, inequality is seen as a functional trait to create a healthy society, people with more capital (resources, knowledge, skills. etc) should occupy a more important roles in order to maintain a fine operation of the society, so social inequality is needed in a capitalist society.From the symbolic interactional perspective, the acceptance of social inequality by the masses is put into concern. The interpretation of inequality is subjective and varying among people, thus through interaction between people, particular norms, beliefs and culture of capitalism is developed, and people consider that inequality is beneficial for the society. Not only in terms of the societys structure, but also in terms of people under the capitalist structure, social inequality is a necessary evil in the capitalist society.Name Luk Sze Ip Lydia Reference Blumer, Herbert. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Davis, Kingsley, Wilbert Moore. (1945). several(prenominal) Principles of Stratification. American Sociological Review 10242-249 Harris, Scott R. (2003). Critiquing and Expanding the Sociology of disagreement Comparing Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist Perspectives. In Quarterly Journal of Ideology 25. P. 1-21. (Electronic journal) Harris, Scott R. (2001). What Can Interactionism Contribu te to the Study of Inequality? The Case of Marriage and Beyond. In Symbolic Interaction vol. 24455-480. Wileyon behalf of theSociety for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Martin N. Marger. (2005). Social inequalityPatterns & Processes (3rd. edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Neva R. Goodwin. flipper Kinds of Capital Useful Concepts for Sustainable Development. In Neva Goodwin. , et. al. (2003)Law and Socio-Economics of the American Association of intelligent Scholars annual meeting.Medford MA 02155, USA Rigney, Daniel. (2001). The Metaphorical Society An Invitation to Social Theory. Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield. Robert E. Goodin, . et. al. (2009) The Oxford handbook of Political Science. Oxford University Press. USA Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1942) 1950 Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3d ed. New York Harper capital of the United Kingdom Allen & Unwin V. Orval Watts, (1975),Capitalism Definition, Origin, and Dynamics. In Mark W. Hendrickson. (1992). the morality of capi talism. The Foundation for Economic

The Function of Law

The Function and situation of Law Jeremy Harrell police 421/ Contemporary Business Law Denver Snuffer The Function and Role of Law in Business and Society Law is something that tincts everyone wherever they await. If you be involved in a pipeline, uprightness is definitely something that will mask you in more ways than one. Lack of knowledge of the society you live in and how rightfulnesss will govern you endure affect you and your business in the way you operate. Law Defined and its Effect on SocietyAccording to Wikipedia, Commercial virtue, in like manner known as business law, is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses employed in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law. Not only can law have an effect on society and business, just now business and society can in return have an impact on law. The influenc e of a business on society can affect changes to laws which govern how they operate.This influence can be through recommending changes that will befriend their business, or help protect them from a society that has become a sue happy society in order to make notes in an unstable economy, in my opinion. Interesting Events Some of the interesting law suits that I am referring to in my claim that our society is a chalk up happy society is quite intriguing. I ciphered for a McDonalds restaurant in Twin Falls, Idaho in 1994. One lawsuit that occurred with a McDonalds in New Mexico over spilt java is one of the lawsuits I am referring to.From what I recall of this lawsuit as told by my employer, the customer in New Mexico came through the drive thru and ordered a cup of coffee tree as part of their order. As they departed out of the drive thru, the coffee spilt on the customers lap, causing third degree burns. I dont know how much the medical bills of the customer were, but McDonal ds was sewed and the customer received a settlement from this lawsuit. As stated on Wikipedia, ABC News called this lawsuit the poster minor of excessive lawsuits. This is one of many examples of people sewing businesses over subdued stuff in my opinion. Who would want their coffee cold? That would more than presumable lead to a complaint to the business. How it Affects My Current Occupation Business law is not the only law that affects my occupation, as I am in the military. I am also governed by the Uniform Code of multitude Justice (UCMJ). The UCMJ predates the constitution. The UCMJ is contained in Title 10, sections 801 through 946. Scribd) The UCMJ includes a lot of items that atomic number 18 wrong in our society as well, but allows for additional punishments and corrective action in the military system. The legal advisors in the military be referred to as Judge Advocate Generals (JAGs). Since I work in the personnel portion of the industry, I deal with JAGs on a regul ar basis. I have had to sit as a recorder on disciplinary boards, recording and listening to what goes on as Soldiers are disciplined for their actions. Because of the UCMJ, Soldiers could be disciplined twice depending on the nature of the incident.I recall when I was deployed to Afghanistan having to help process legal paperwork for my Battalion Commander as he had to discipline twelve Soldiers in the first cardinal weeks for violations of the UCMJ that occurred when these Soldiers were in Hawaii because he was their first O5 in their chain at the time of the disciplinary action. This was a huge core opener to me of what can happen when law and the UCMJ are violated. Conclusion As I have started to learn about Business Law and take heed about court cases between people in society and businesses, I know how weighty it is in business to follow the law.In addition, it is also important to do your part as a citizen and businessman to implement and follow through laws that govern you in your business and operations. References Scribd. (). Retrieved from http//www. scribd. com/doc/982597/The-History-of-the-Military-Justice-System Wikipedia. (). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title= special(a)%3ASearch&profile=default&search=business+law&fulltext=Search Wikipedia. (). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liebeck_v. _McDonalds_Restaurants

French and Indian War Essay

The cut colonies were situated in Canada and their trade and influence reached as remote as the Mississippi River. The English colonies were located on the east coast of the Americas. The Appalachian Mountains separated both types of European colonies so there was elbow dwell for both. Flames began to ignite when war between the mother countries of England and France broke come out of the closet. Tensions increased when affair and rivalry between two colonies increased. Soon war broke out and it became known as the French and Indian War. Both sides had advantages and disadvantages and there were umteen lasting effects. The British colonies began to lose in the beginning for many reasons. The colonies were disorganize and many jealousies and disputes arose among them. In increment the colonies governors quarreled with their assemblies. The colonies saw themselves, at the time, as craft economic colonies, not an empire or nation.There was no deficiency or want for a military and military organization. The British colonies were modify to carry out an offensive war. Victory was meek for the colonies but courageous, venturous and heroic generals like Pitt, Amherst, and Wolf helped turn the tide for the British. In addition they began to attack cities instead of forts. The British colonies soon won the war with the agreement of Paris. The French were incredible and favored victors at the beginning of the war in the Americas. They had a centralized military organization, skillful leaders who ruled with unconditional authority, and soldiers inured to war. Of 10 major battles, France won a majority of them. Their arrangement was good. Canada was fortified with vast outworks of defense in the forests, marshes and mountains. They had the help of the Indians who knew the land far better than any European.In Europe, the tide turned for France and soon so did too in the Americas. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The details of the treaty pr ovide lasting effects. French power was entirely thrown off the continent. However, the French were allowed to retain several islands in the watt Indies. France gave Britain all lands east of the Mississippi River allowing the number of frontiers to increase. Spain gave Britain Florida. With all these territorial gains, it coat the road for the British colonies to expand. They soon declared independence from Britain and became America. Americans soon followed sheer Destiny and America is now what we see as today.

Exposure to Conflicting Ideals Can Weaken a Person’s Sense of Self Essay

stand at a crossroad, nearly overthrow left while others turn right. Will you still choose to go straight even if nix chooses so? Will you still believe in your beliefs if your values are being strongly challenged by the main stream? The ideal argument is that one should be steadfast in his/her beliefs However, in reality, exposure to hostile ideals can cause people to lose sense of self. To settle the self-contradictory ideals in order to live predicates to resign ones ingest beliefs. As human beings are primary gregarious animals, the impulse to belong is strong.One, who holds different values, will feel alienation from the majority. Consequently, he or she demand to succumb to the main stream in the certain group which he or she wants to belong in order to gain acceptance. Hence, the original, or register the true images of them are obliterated and transferred to fake, too, unstable images. Theresa McTerry, one of the characters in bolt written by Joanna Murray-Smith , is so an example of such kinds of people who sacrifice their own identities for the sake of brotherly acceptance and validation.Theresa lives in the contemporary mankind which has witnessed much advancement, yet, she holds a bygone tradition which she persists can provide her the humdrum with other women in society. Her fear of the alienation overwhelms her limited understanding of the sorry undercurrents that lie beneath the surface of the failed marriage. In the conflicts of feminism and the male-orientated tradition, Theresa, along with those women through with(predicate) the man-dominated ages, has compromised their own identities for the chance to belong to the hallowed institute of marriage.For some, being forever and a day exposed under public scrutiny can distract their expectancys to social expectations. For the sociable animals who also need to seek for individual fulfillments, human beings ever so find it hard to achieve the twin goals of social cooperation and p ersonal satisfaction. cladding the conflicts between these two, people always tend to let the social expectation play the role of self-expectation as they care more about the testimony from other people in the same group or the society.No doubt, this can promote an inevitable loss of self. Meryl Louise Davenport, another character in Bombshell, who pursues the traditional domestic roles, only creates herself a fragmented existence in which she has no room to reflect her own life. The performance of an adequate start out as well as a lovable wife is, from her perspective, a never-ending appraisal by the public, children, teachers, and by other mothers.At the constant bombardment of expectations of women from the society, Meryl, a woman, mother and consumer, is bewildered and has a fragmented look on of self. To sum up, individuals are likely to assimilate themselves to the majority when experience some sorts of conflicts. In the purpose either to belong or to satisfy others expe ctation, submission always seems to be essential for people to cooperate in groups and society. Hence, ego identity for each individual is always attenuated when exposed to debatable ideals.

Adi Godrej

Personal Profile Adi Godrej save Name Adi Burjorji Godrej Common Name Adi Godrej Date of Birth April 3, 1942 Zodiac Sign random- entrance money memory Sex Male Hair Color White Nationality Indian devotion Hinduism Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology Family Adi Godrej Father Burjorji Godrej Mother Jai Godrej buddy Nadir Godrej Spouse Parmeshwar Godrej Son Pirojsha Daughter Tanya Dubash, Nisa Godrej Career Adi Godrej Profession businessman Trivia Adi Godrej . Submit View All Trivia Quotes Adi Godrej Recently Godrej Industries and our consumer component outsourced their IT architecture to HP. Each division/group works independently, and so the decisions were to a fault independent. All the same, each de get goingment has a different skill set. We cute to benchmark and balance those. Unknown submitted by Vaibhav Dhiman We deployed ERP more than a ex ago to connect with vendors and customers. Today, the ERP covers all modules even the HRD. We further expanded the gr ound in customer relationship by bringing CRM online.With eCRM, we have interpreted it a step forward. We refresh the technology regularly. From an MFG Pro ERP ten long time ago to SAP, we have come a long way. Unknown submitted by Sanjeev Dhiman No. I only use the email and occasionally access the internet. I have a Blackberry Bold as a personal tool. I do not have a laptop. I work on a desktop. Unknown submitted by Sanjeev Dhiman Very grand. However, he is not a business strategist, a CEO is responsible. CIO is a part of the business strategy team, and is a part of the business decisions.It should be understand that technology does not dictate business, business dictates technology. A business should be able to leverage technology. BI is also a very important tool to understand customer behaviour. Information is collected and used well. However, technology modules cannot be the center of business. Innovation in prod Unknown submitted by Sandeep Sandeep Singh We are in ma ny businesses. We will continue to expand in the B2B segment, and our major areas of growth are the FMCG and property divisions.We are growing at a faster rate then the competition in the FMCG market. In the property market, there is a huge scope for all players to grow. It is a vast market with huge growth potential. Unknown submitted by vernal ID Submit View all Quotes Joint ventures and strategic aliances are not necessarily forever Biography Adi Godrej Last Updated Wednesday, February 13, 2002 . The Godrej products were among the first indigenously manufactured products to fall upon entrenched overseas brands.

Management Role in Ensuring Editorial Freedom

Responsibility, credibility and quality are key words for a large, serious media group. This applies in relation to the users of our media, customers, employees, shareholders and the societies in which we work. At the forefront, however, is the issue right to safeguard editorial independence and freedom of speech in the media which we own. palliate media are among the main contributors to strong, live democracies. A credible, strong media should defend alpha values such as religious freedom, tolerance, human rights and democratic principles. They mustiness reflect a diversity of opinion.For this reason, they should also provide different ship canal of looking at issues and views on important questions in public debates. The care must facilitate editors in complying with the legislation and ethical regulations of the country where the trading operations take place. Editorial quality and credibility are the cornerstone of publishing activities and these, together with the indivi dual mediums articles of association, form the basis for the editors work. The editor-in-chief has wide of the mark freedom and is personally and fully responsible for the content of the medium of which he or she is in charge.However, there are unaccompanied few publications that take their editors with total freedom. In reality, an independent press is a myth. Or at best, a glorified term. Most editors dare non write their true(p) comment/opinion. In other words, they are sometimes paid to nurse their honest opinions taboo of the paper. And if they do defy the management, they would soon be out on the streets hunting for a new job. Most managements feel vested interests political, tender and cultural in running the paper, which may not gel with the opinions held by the editors they employ.It is here that the editors have to either compromise with their editorial values or pay a price for standing up to them. In private, unified media environments, editorial hiring and fir ing are the preserve of the owners. Media houses (read owners) have become extremely profit-oriented organizations. So editorial values are always at brand Distortion of news and comment in such a scenario becomes the inn of the day. Most owners hand-pick their editors so that the policy of the owner becomes the policy of the editor. discord is seldom allowed It is media owners who possess the great weapon today i. e. , one recyclable against incumbent politicians fearful of bad press, lack of access, and endorsement of opponents. This sorry, quid-pro-quo, relationship leads to media corruption, benefitting only the ruling, corporate, class. Managements giving complete editorial freedom is therefore rare. But all newspaper which enjoys more flexibility and freedom from their management, has the potential to make greater impact and live up to the reputation of a frank, fair and gay media.Todays concentration of media ownership and editorial power brings into sharp focus not o nly the immense responsibility, but also the freedom and estate of editors in particular those with huge audiences. Yet it is major-media owners, and their hand-picked editors, who decide what the vast majority see, hear, and read. Media owners and their editors have become the unelected, and unregulated, keepers of the public trust and molders of the public mind.

Effects of Computer Games

Statement of the task This statement testament seek answer on the following programs 1. What is the write of the Criminology students in wrong of a. Age b. Gender c. Year aim 2. What ar the Effects of computing device Games in call of a. overleap of affableization b. constitution Changes c. Hyperactive Learning Disorders 3. What be the aim of procedure of Criminology Students in foothold of a. Classroom Interaction b. psychological/Emotional Awareness c. trouble result and Written Exams 4.Are thither signifi coffin nailt kins between Effects of calculating machine Games and the level of Performance of Criminology Students? Theoretical Theory Social Responsibility Theory Social function is an ethical or ideological conjecture that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, administration or individual has a big responsibility to society at large. This responsibility can be ban, subject matter there is liberty from blame or liability, or it can be ty rannical, sum there is a responsibility to act beneficently.This theory is a sizable basis of the study beca wont students not only expense unjustified clip playing calculator bizs but they need to consider to a fault their responsibility as a students and their satisfaction with their co-students living in the real world. diminutive Theory sarcastic Theory has a narrow and a large-minded weting in philosophy and in the history of the hearty sciences. Critical Theory in the narrow sense designates several(prenominal) generations of German philosophers and affectionate theorists in the Western European Marxist tradition known as the Frankfurt School.harmonize to these theorists, a vital theory whitethorn be marvelous from a traditional theory according to a specific possible purpose a theory is tiny to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, to put away human beings from the circumstances that enslave them (Horkheimer 1982, 244). Because such theories aim to e xplain and read all the circumstances that enslave human beings, some(prenominal) critical theories in the broader sense stick been developed.They aim emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimensions of the domination of human beings in modern societies. In both the broad and the narrow senses, however, a critical theory provides the descriptive and normative bases for social inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and change magnitude freedom in all their forms. Based on the c at one timept of the enquiry, this theory can relate to the study through applying a critical analysis to know the do of electronic data processor bet ons in the criminology students of MinSCAT Bongabong Campus. Conceptual Framework Fig. 1Statement of the Hypothesis The Effects of Computer Games has no monumental coitionship to its level of mental process of criminology students in social interaction, mental expression, and trouble solving. moment of the St udy To the Students, this study aims to provide information with regards to the effect of ready reckoner childs play. To the Professor, for them to cave in deeper understanding of the effects of computer childs play. To the Readers, awareness of the effects of computer gaming. And also the future inquiryer who will do research on the link topic will take a shit a background on this study.Scope and Limitations This is particular to the students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. This paper was conducted during the year 2012 and the informations gathered were hold to Bongabong Oriental Mindoro. This study decoctes on the Effects of Computer Games including want of socialization, temper Changes, and Hyperactive of Learnings disorder that will be careful to its level of performance of criminology students through social interaction, psychological behavior, and puzzle solving. Chapter II The Review of Related Literature and StudiesThis chapter reviews the work of research workers on problems nearly related to the present study. Foreign Literature Lepper, M. R. & Gurtner, J (2000), states that prolonged and excessive use of these games can cause, mainly upon children, a number of physical and psychological problems which may include obsessive, addictive behavior, dehumanization of the player, desensitizing of feelings, personality changes, stopperractivity larn disorders, premature maturing of children, psychomotor disorders, health problems (due to deprivation of exercise & scatonitis), Development of anti-social behavior and loss of free thinking & will.Anderson and Bushman (2001), found that across 54 supreme tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there expect to be five consistent results of playing games with tempestuous contents. Playing violent games profit aggressive behaviors, increases aggressive cognitions, increases aggressive emotions, increases physiological arousal, and decreases pr o-social behaviours. Since close to electronic games are violent, children below legal ages are emotionally disturbed and ca apply several changes on their behavior.Austin, Pinkleton & Fujioka (2000), quoted that get upal meditation is correlated with better academic performance. And has been shown to increase beliefs in social norms, and to decrease fear. This refers to the parental consent of the player astheyplayaviolent-orientedgame. he enterist & Walsh (2002), wherein 55% of parents said that always or often should parents put limits on the amount of the time their children may play computer and video games, and 40% said they always or often check the video game rating before allowing their children to buy or rent computer or video games.Even through these numbers are not particularly high, they may overestimate the amount of parental monitoring of childrens video game play. Foreign Study From the time computer games made their way into family homes, parents have wondered i f violent video games may negatively affect children and teenagers. Today, parents still irritate virtually the effects of violent computer games and of course it also stay a popular topic for the media.However, with a growing number of children and teens sp culture excessive time playing computer games, perhaps parents should be much worried slightly teenagers habituate to computer games than the effects of violentvideogames. An examination of the literature reveals that those who study video game addiction sometimes disagree on the proportion of children and teenagers habituated to computer games. However, the majority of studies suggest that approximately 5 to 10% of youth who play computer games become habituated.Compared to other psychological difficulties (such as depression and anxiety), teenage computer game addiction is seemingly a relatively new problem faced by families. As such, parents may lack accurate and/or helpful information on the signs of computer game addiction, the risk factors for video game addiction, and strategies for helping teenagers addicted to computer games after the problem develops. As more therapists work with teenagers addicted to computer ames and more researchers study the problem, they are becoming better at chanceing the signs of addiction, testing for video game addiction, and offering help to parents with teenagers addicted to computer games. Still, there is much confusion about exactly what computer game addiction is and how parents can help a teenager who seems far-off more interested in playing in a virtual(prenominal) world than living in the real world. Local Literature According to Josh Kearney, Online game addiction is caused by the constant updates and the never ending game play this is solved by limiting online game downloads to wholeness at a time.The problem with online game addiction is that it is distracting children and young adults from their needs. Online gaming distracts people from food, sleep, and directwork. Although certain people are able to control themselves, there are people who cant. These people will play for hours on end, numbing them mind to the point where they can only think about game play. The cause of this is the fact that a person go on playing forever. To add onto this there are constant updates that once the hype a wizard dies down a new one is introduced to crap anticipation.Joshua Smyth, associate prof of psychology in The College of Arts and Sciences at siege of Syracuse University, recently conducted a randomized trial study of college students contrasting the effects of playing online socially interconnected video games with more traditional single-player or arcade-style games. Smyths research found that online, socially integrated multiplayer games create greater negative consequences (decreased health, well-being, sleep, socialization and academic work). This proves my point that although these games can be fun, they can also be genuine ly dangerous.There, although, is a solution to this. As to most problems there is a solution. The solution to this problem is to limit the amount of games one person can place on a computer. This would be do simply by analyzing the key components of an online MMORPG. By doing this you can train computers to detect these qualities. After doing so, it would be possible to make the computer limit how many of these games are downloaded. There are also certain problems with this. http//www. papercamp. com Local StudiesBased on the previous research, the computer has also disadvantages aside from the fact that it provides the students informations and other features. In that research they conclude many students spent more time playing rather than researching and doing other academic works. This is result to computer addiction. From these students, huge percentage of them is male. This shows that male students are more prone to be affected by computer disadvantages. The research goal is t o inform the students about what computer can really do to them, how can it affects them and what it is that affects them.The researchers proved that the research made is really true and precise because they are also once addicted in using these so called computers (Justin Vista, Hienson Tan and Bryan Yaranon, 2009). Based on the related literature and studies stated in this research, all are evidential because it serves as guidelines gain more knowledge and additional information on how to distinguish the effects of computer games in the performance of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. Chapter tercet look into Methodology This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used and guide by the researcher to utilize in conducting this study.To find out the Level of performance of criminology students. Research Design The researcher will use correlativity method of research to determine the difference between the perceptions of the respondents and the relatio n of the variables. Descriptive correlation Method of Research is the process of descriptive research that goes beyond more gathering and tabulation of entropy. It involves an element of interpretation of the intending of the significant relationship depict. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are the students of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong.MINSCAT have total population of criminology students of 205. smack respondents will be computed on the Slovins Formula. (See Appendix __ for the List of Respondents) Formula N= __N__ 1+Ne2 Where n= Sample size N= Population size e= Percentage Research Instrument The study will use questionnaire by the researcher in gathering info and employed methods like interview, browsing in the earnings and collecting data and information in the books and newspaper. Data Gathering Tools A set of procedures guided the researchers in gathering all pertinent data that will be needed in this research.First, a letter of i nvolve noted by the research adviser was sent to the Deans Office of MiNSCAT in Bongabong namely Edna G. Piol for permission to distribute the questionnaire. Second, the formal administrative of the questionnaires comprised all the directions in answering the questionnaire will be properly explained. Finally, the data will be sorted, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the most relevant technique in research. Scaling and Quantification A five point numerical with five (5) as the highest and one (1) as the lowest was used.Each numerical scale of measurement had the corresponding statistical limits and communicatory description presented in table 2 below. remit 2 Scaling and Quantification Numerical Scale Statistical Limits oral Description 5 4. 50-5. 00 Everyday 4 3. 50-4. 49 Always 3 2. 50-3. 49 Often 2 1. 50-2. 49 Sometimes 1 1. 00-1. 49 Not at all Table 3 Reliability of Questionnaire To tell apart that all item are reliable, a test and re-test method will be use by re searchers. TEST AND RETEST RESULT INDEPENDENT VARIABLESRELIABILITYDESCRIPTION drop of Socialization0. 8454170Reliable Personal Changes0. 9827526ReliableHyperactivity learning Disorder0. 8460318Reliable DEPENDENT VARIABLES Social Interaction0. 7231594Reliable psychological / emotional awareness0. 6673800Reliable paradox resolving power/ written exams0. 6676692Reliable Level of Significance=5%df=8Critical r-value=0. 632 The computed r-values exceed the critical r-value 0. 632 with 8 as the degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, then the questionnaire is reliable. Ten respondents for post-test and another ten respondents for pre-test other than 25 respondents were put across to answer the same set of questionnaire.Responses were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the Pearsons Movement Correlation. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This Chapter presents the results of the research on with analysis, interpretation based on the statement of the problem. Table 4 look upon acquaintance of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in basis of Lack of Socialization PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot socialize with other students. 3. 724OFTEN 2. I dont have interest with other people. 3. 842OFTEN 3. I cannot launch good relationship with my classmate. . 803OFTEN 4. I am not open with my parents parental guidance. 4. 24 1OFTEN MEAN3. 90OFTEN Table 4 Shows the general think of perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Lack of Socialization. This table shows items 1-5 with the verbal description of often as the starting line rank, I am not open with my parents parental guidance. Second, I dont have interest with other people. Third, I cannot pretend good relationship with my classmate. And lastly, I cannot socialize with other students. The overall mean calculated is 3. 90 which are described as often.This essence that computer gaming really affects the relationshi p of the teenage to the people surrounds them particularly to their parents that may lead to lack of parental guidance. Table 5 taut Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of temperament Changes PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. Moody3. 042SELDOM 2. Childish3. 881OFTEN 3. Health Awareness2. 84SELDOM 4. Physical Awareness2. 843SELDOM MEAN3. 14SELDOM Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of temperament changes.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely as the first rank, Childish. Second, Moody. Third, Physical Awareness. And lastly, Health Awareness. The overall mean calculated is 3. 14 which are described as seldom. This means that computer gaming affects the respondents in terms of physical, mental and emotional such as changes in mood and lack of awareness. Table 6 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Hyperact ivity Learning Disorder PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. habit-forming in computer games. . 361OFTEN 2. Obsessive in computer games. 2. 924SELDOM 3. Lack of thinking. 4. 082OFTEN 4. Lack of learning. 3. 883OFTEN MEAN3. 81OFTEN Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, Addictive in computer games. Second, Lack of thinking. Third, Lack of learning. And lastly, Obsessive in computer games. The overall mean calculated is 3. 81 which are described as Often.This means that computer gaming affects the behavior of the respondents, like addictive and also they tend to have a lack of continuous learnings. Table 7 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of social interaction. PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I did not get word school gath ering. 3. 873OFTEN 2. I am not active in school activity. 2. 694SELDOM 3. I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. 4. 451OFTEN 4. I am not approachable with my co-students. 3. 882OFTEN MEAN3. 72OFTENTable 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Social Interaction. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. Second, I am not approachable with my co-students. Third, I did not attend school gathering. And lastly, I am not active in school activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 72 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Social Interaction.Table 8 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Psychological/ Emotion al Awareness. PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I am not aware of the bliss around me. 2. 134RARELY 2. I dont have interests on my study. 4. 321OFTEN 3. I neglect myself especially my hygiene. 3. 922OFTEN 4. I did not focus on my academic activities3. 683OFTEN MEAN3. 51OFTEN Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely and often as the first rank, I dont have interests on my study. Second, I neglect myself especially my hygiene. Third, I did not focus on my academic activities. And lastly, I am not aware of the happiness around me. The overall mean calculated is 3. 51 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. Table 9 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performan ce of criminology students in terms of Problem Solving/ Written Exams.PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot solve academic problem easily. 3. 162RARELY 2. I cannot do multitasking activity. 2. 924OFTEN 3. I cannot handle state of affairs properly. 3. 083SELDOM 4. I am not quick in solving and I am inefficient. 3. 241SELDOM MEAN3. 10SELDOM Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of PROBLEM Solving/ Written Exams. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely, seldom and often as the first rank, I am not quick in solving and I am unefficient.Second, I cannot solve academic problem easily. Third, I cannot handle situation properly. And lastly, I cannot do multitasking activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 10 which are described as Seldom. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a non-satisfactorily performance in their academic. Summary Table of r a nd r2 the Effects of Computer Gaming in the Criminology Students of MBC IV Effects of Computer GamingDV Level of Performance of Criminology Students of MBC Social InteractionPsychological/ Emotional AwarenessProblem Solving/ Written Exams rrrLack of Socialization. 03-. 96. 87 Personality Changes. 32. 38. 87 Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. 52-. 84. 77 Critical r-value= . 195df=25significant level of 5% This table presents the r-values of the effects of computer gaming in the students of MBC through level of performance. Since the majority of computed r-value exceeded the critical r-value of . 195 with 25 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is a significant relationship between the effects of computer gaming and the level of performance of criminology of MBC.It reveals that all the dependent and independent variables are significantly correlated with each other. Through calculations performed, the researchers arrived at the ff. interpretations The researchers interpreted that Lack of Socialization towards Social interaction has a very small official correlation high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness and very high positive correlation.In terms of Personality Changes, it has a very small positive correlation towards social interaction moderately small positive correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness and very high positive correlation towards problem solving/ written exams. In terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder, it has high positive correlation towards Social Interaction high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness and high positive correlation towards Problem Solving/ Written Exams.